Aircraft Nut: French

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Monday, 18 March 2013

SAAF Mirage F1 (Part 1)

Mirage F1 Development History and SAAF Early Days

Development:

The Mirage F1 came about as successor to the Mirage III for the French Air Force in the late 1960s.

A variety of new technologies were evaluated and tested including vertical take-off and swing-wing configurations. Dassault Industries developed the F1 as a private venture, providing a cheaper multi-purpose aircraft, designed to obtain the best operational radius and efficiency and offering the widest versatility possible at the time..

The idea was that even a small fleet of these aircraft should represent an important military threat, as later proved later in Angola! It was to be able to operate from remote and short rough air strips, with a low landing speed (145 knots). It needed comparatively little ground equipment, and had a self starter. It offered a short turn-around time of about 15 minutes between two identical missions, and pressure refueling took only six minutes! An engine change involving four men took only about three hours.

The SDAP automatic testing unit enabled automatic trouble shooting in the field. The GAMO alert unit allowed the Mirage F1 to be scrambled in less than 2 minutes. Thus it was to prove an ideal 'Bush' warfare aircraft capable of operating for extended periods away from it’s home base, as was the case for the SAAF operating in Namibia.

Prototypes:
The French Mirage F1C prototype first flew on the 23rd of December 1966 at Melun-Villaroche, piloted by Dassault chief pilot, René Bigand, reaching Mach 2 on the 4th flight.

Flight trials continued until, during a low-altitude high-velocity pass, the horizontal stabilizers of Mirage F1-01 broke away due to a divergent vibration phenomenon called ‘flutter’ and the aircraft struck the ground near Fos-sur-Mer, killing René Bigand. Despite the accident, notification was given of an order for three pre-production aircraft: the Mirage F1-02, 03 and 04 with the Atar 9 K 50 jet engine.

During September 1967, the French Air Force expressed interest on the Mirage F1C as an all weather interceptor, carrying the Cyrano IV radar. The second prototype F1-02 first flew in March 1967 and the third in September 1969. On the 17th June 1970, the final prototype F1-04 flew. This became the production version.


Characteristics and performance
Wingspan	8.40 m
Length	15 m
Weight
Unladen	7 400 kg
Performance
Max. Speed	> Mach 2	Top mach level flight
Max. height	18 500 m / 60 700 ft	Practical ceiling
Engine
Type	Snecma Atar 9 K 50 70.6 kN

French Combat Experience:
The French Air Force Mirage F1C first saw combat during Operation Manta in August 1983, strafing an enemy column. The French intervened in the Chad, to counter growing Libyan encroachment. Four Mirage F1C-200s provided air cover for a force of four Jaguars, and took part in skirmishes against the pro-Libyan GUNT rebels.

In 1986, French Mirage F1s returned to Chad, as part of Operation Epervier, with four F1C-200s providing fighter cover for a strike package of eight Jaguars during the air raid against the Libyan airbase at Ouadi Doum, on February 16. Two F1CRs also flew pre and post-strike reconnaissance missions.

In October 2007, three Mirage 2000s and three Mirage F1s were deployed at Kandahar Air Force Base, where they flew close air support and tactical reconnaissance missions in support of international forces in Southern Afghanistan.

The Mirage F1 is coming to the end of its useful lifespan within the French Military and the type was retired from service following closures to the 2 main bases Reims-Champagne and Colmar-Meyenheim in 2009-2010.

In July 1973 Dassault tendered the Mirage F1E (Mirage M53) as contender for a new European fighter aircraft contract required by Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands and Norway. To meet this tender specification the Mirage F1 was equipped with more sophisticated avionics, and the more powerful M53 engine. This engine is shorter than the standard Snecma ATAR 9K50 and required larger air intakes and a shorter rear fuselage. Unfortunately, the F1 was beaten in this potentially lucrative deal by the American General Dynamics F-16. Despite this, the Mirage F1 was an export success : 473 aircraft equipped the Air Forces of South Africa, Spain, Greece, Kuwait, Libya, Morocco, Ecuador, Iraq, Jordan and Qatar.

South African Connection:
The F1-04 prototype was the first Mirage F1 ever flown by a South African.
Zach Repsold flew it on 6 October 1971. This model differed from the others by using slotted slats. On the 14th March 1974, the French Air Force received their first Mirage F1.

South Africa began looking to replace the Mirage III by the early 1970s . The Mirage F1 was an improvement on the Mirage III: It had an increased speed, increased pursuit flight time , speed (a tripled mach rating) with an increased ground mission range (doubled) Take off runway use was 1/3 reduced, with 1/4 less approach speed plus increased maneuverability. On the 27th June 1971, Dassault and SNECMA announced a technical cooperation agreement with South Africa for the license manufacture of the Mirage F1 and engine. The intention was to produce up to 100 Mirage F1s.

The 1977 arms embargo against SA invalidated this production license; and the Atlas Mirage F1 Program never moved beyond the assembly stage. The South African Air Force acquired 16 Mirage F1-CZ’s (Serial 200-215) and 32 Mirage F1-AZ’s Serial 216-247).

Mirage F1-CZ '200' was the main project aircraft, whilst Mirage F1-AZ '216' was used as the project aircraft for the 'AZ' fit-out. Due to the approaching Arms Embargo, Dassault rushed the F1-AZ delivery through, leading to teething problems with this ground attack variant.

Delivery from France took place in great secrecy on 4 April 1975 with two Mirage F1-CZ’s transported to South Africa in a SAAF C-130 Hercules. South Africa maintained great secrecy over this aircraft and only revealed a new 'Mirage type' during a fly past at the Ysterplaat Air Show in October 1975. In April 1977 that the press was finally allowed to see the production line in Kempton Park. Even so the existence of the Mirage F1-AZ remained classified until 1980.

Monday, 25 February 2013

Mirages and Choppers: SAAF in the 60s and 70s

Mirages and Choppers SAAF in the The Sixties and Seventies

In the early sixties South Africa’s deteriorating security position resulted in Government to take steps towards re-armanent. The SAAF’s arsenal was strengthened.

Line-up of SAAF aircraft in 60s livery: Mirage III CZ and EZ, Canberras, Buccaneers and F86s

The first Dassault-Breguet Mirage III CS fighter aircraft arrived in South Africa in April 1963 to replace the aging sub-sonic F86s and Vampires

One of the earliest customers for the Mirage, South Africa, initially ordered 16 III Cs for low-level strike duties. These aircraft served with No. 2 Squadron of the South African Air Force and could carry the Nord AS.20 air-to-ground missile. Three Mirage III BZ trainers were also ordered.

Subsequently, 16 Mirage III Es were ordered, these served with the SAAF's No. 3 Squadron; the service also had three Mirage III D two-seaters for training on the III E variant.

Four Mirage IIIR/IIIRD aircraft were bought for photo-reconnaissance duties.

Differences between CZ and EZ (other than propulsion)

In June 1967, the name "Mirage" literally shot into prominence through newspaper headlines around the world. Israel's new Mirages were the spearhead of attack by the Israel Defence Force/Air Force in what has come to be known as the "Six-Day War". In capable hands, the French-produced Mirage proved what hitherto had been understood by knowledgeable aircraft engineers and military aviation specialists; in its class, the Mirage was and is par excellence. No military aircraft of the 1970s, emanating from Western Europe, including the United Kingdom, has a bigger or better reputation than Dassault's Mirage.